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The authority characterized as advisory without the ability to enforce actions is staff authority. This type of authority typically involves individuals or teams that provide specialized knowledge, support, and recommendations to those with line authority but do not have the power to enforce decisions or actions. Staff authority is crucial in organizational structures as it enhances decision-making through expertise without disrupting the hierarchical flow of command.

In contrast, line authority refers to the direct control over subordinates, enabling decision-making and enforcement within an organization. Functional authority allows individuals to make decisions within a specific area across various departments, providing them with a level of power that extends beyond advisory functions. Delegated authority, on the other hand, involves the assignment of decision-making power from one individual to another, allowing for the enforcement of actions within a defined scope.